In modern test automation, maintainability and scalability matter as much as execution speed. As applications grow, poorly structured Selenium tests quickly turn into fragile scripts. The combination of Selenium WebDriver , Page Object Model (POM) , TestNG , and Java provides a clean and scalable automation architecture. In this guide, you will learn how to build a complete Selenium Page Object Model framework using TestNG and Java with a real, working example. Understanding the Core Components What is Page Object Model (POM)? Page Object Model is a design pattern where each web page is represented as a Java class. All page elements and actions are encapsulated inside that class. If UI changes, only the page class needs updating, not every test. Why Selenium WebDriver? Selenium WebDriver allows direct browser automation using real user interactions. It supports all major browsers and integrates well with Java-based test frameworks. Why TestNG? Annotation-based lifec...

Selenium is often introduced as a simple browser automation tool. Click here, assert there, move on. But once you start working on real-world enterprise applications , Selenium reveals its true personality. Flexible, extensible, and surprisingly powerful when combined with the right tools. Over the years, I’ve used Selenium not just for UI automation, but as the central orchestrator in complex automation frameworks spanning image-based testing, OS-level dialogs, backend systems, performance testing, and even mobile OTP workflows. In this blog, I’ll walk you through some of my hands-on Selenium experiments , explaining the why , the how , and sharing code snippets you can adapt in your own projects. 1. Automating Conversational AI Agents Using AI Evaluator + Selenium The Problem Conversational AI agents introduce a new class of automation challenges . Unlike traditional UIs, AI responses are: Non-deterministic (responses vary) Context-dependent across turns Hard to validate...