In modern test automation, maintainability and scalability matter as much as execution speed. As applications grow, poorly structured Selenium tests quickly turn into fragile scripts. The combination of Selenium WebDriver , Page Object Model (POM) , TestNG , and Java provides a clean and scalable automation architecture. In this guide, you will learn how to build a complete Selenium Page Object Model framework using TestNG and Java with a real, working example. Understanding the Core Components What is Page Object Model (POM)? Page Object Model is a design pattern where each web page is represented as a Java class. All page elements and actions are encapsulated inside that class. If UI changes, only the page class needs updating, not every test. Why Selenium WebDriver? Selenium WebDriver allows direct browser automation using real user interactions. It supports all major browsers and integrates well with Java-based test frameworks. Why TestNG? Annotation-based lifec...

Looking for safe and free dummy sites for testing your Selenium WebDriver automation skills? In this updated guide, we’ve curated the best demo websites where you can practice automation confidently, build portfolio-ready projects, and simulate real-world testing scenarios without touching live systems. Testing on production applications can be risky, which is why dummy sites for testing are ideal for learning Selenium, Cypress, and other automation tools. This post features free, reliable demo websites across multiple complexity levels, allowing you to practice UI automation, functional validation, and even performance testing in a secure, controlled environment. Why Practice Selenium on Demo Websites? Before working on live applications, mastering automation on demo websites helps you: Learn risk-free : Experiment without breaking production systems Simulate real-world scenarios : From simple forms to complex e-commerce checkouts Build portfolio projects : Demonstrate skills...

While performing manual testing we often take screenshots of the broken pages or bugs to use them as evidence and they are very useful in convincing the developers. Similarly, in automation Selenium provides us the commands to capture screenshots of the webpages. In this tutorial, we will learn to take full screenshots and partial screenshots of the webpage which is currently under test. We can also write some code logic to capture screenshots on every failure screen. That's a bit advanced-level concept. But in this post, we'll learn to take screenshots whenever we want. We also have to do some file-handling operations while taking and saving screenshots with Selenium WebDriver. Table of Contents:

File upload and download automation is a common requirement in web testing. Whether you’re testing a profile picture upload, document submission form, or any file-upload feature, Selenium WebDriver can handle it reliably with the right approach. In this tutorial, you’ll learn:  How file upload/download works in Selenium  Different upload techniques (sendKeys, Robot class, AutoIt)  Cross-browser examples in Java & Python  Handling edge cases & best practices Why File Upload Automation Is Challenging Selenium WebDriver operates only within the browser’s DOM. However, most file upload dialogues are OS-level windows outside the browser scope...

Why Action Methods Matter in Selenium Automation One of the most common mistakes beginners make in Selenium automation is writing long, linear test scripts . These scripts work initially but quickly become hard to maintain, duplicate-heavy, and fragile as the test suite grows. A better approach is to design reusable action methods that encapsulate user interactions such as: Opening a page Entering text Clicking buttons Selecting options This concept forms the foundation of maintainable automation frameworks and is a stepping stone toward Page Object Model (POM) . What Are Action Methods? Action methods are small, reusable functions that perform a single UI interaction or business action. Example: Instead of repeating login steps in every test: driver.findElement(By.id( "username" )).sendKeys( "user" ); driver.findElement(By.id( "password" )).sendKeys( "pass" ); driver.findElement(By.id( "login" )).click(); Yo...