Top 15 Playwright Interview Questions with Code Examples (2026 Edition)

Introduction

Playwright has emerged as the dominant end-to-end testing framework, with over 65,000 GitHub stars and adoption by companies like Microsoft, Adobe, and Disney+. Mastering Playwright is now a critical skill for SDETs and automation engineers. This comprehensive guide covers the most frequently asked Playwright interview questions with practical code examples and industry best practices.

1. What is a Promise in TypeScript?

A Promise in TypeScript (and JavaScript) represents the eventual completion (or failure) of an asynchronous operation and its resulting value.

Key Characteristics:

  • Three states: pending, fulfilled, rejected

  • Used to handle async operations like API calls, file I/O, timers

  • Chainable with .then(), .catch(), and .finally()

Playwright Example:

typescript
// Promise usage in Playwright
const buttonClickPromise: Promise<void> = page.click('#submit');

buttonClickPromise
  .then(() => console.log('Button clicked successfully'))
  .catch((error) => console.error('Click failed:', error))
  .finally(() => console.log('Click operation completed'));

Common Playwright Methods Returning Promises:

  • page.click()

  • page.goto()

  • page.waitForSelector()

  • page.waitForResponse()

2. Explain async and await in TypeScript

async/await is syntactic sugar over Promises that makes asynchronous code look synchronous.

async Function:

  • Always returns a Promise

  • Can contain await expressions

await Expression:

  • Pauses execution until Promise settles

  • Can only be used inside async functions

Playwright Example:

typescript
// Without async/await
test('old way', ({ page }) => {
  return page.goto('https://example.com')
    .then(() => page.click('#button'))
    .then(() => expect(page).toHaveTitle('Example'));
});

// With async/await (Cleaner)
test('modern way', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('https://example.com');
  await page.click('#button');
  await expect(page).toHaveTitle('Example');
});

3. Explain OOP Concepts and How They Are Used in Playwright

Playwright heavily utilizes Object-Oriented Programming principles:

Encapsulation

typescript
class LoginPage {
  private username: Locator;
  private password: Locator;
  
  constructor(private page: Page) {
    this.username = page.locator('#username');
    this.password = page.locator('#password');
  }
  
  public async login(user: string, pass: string) {
    await this.username.fill(user);
    await this.password.fill(pass);
    await this.page.click('#login-btn');
  }
}

Inheritance

typescript
class BasePage {
  constructor(protected page: Page) {}
  
  async navigate(url: string) {
    await this.page.goto(url);
    await this.page.waitForLoadState('networkidle');
  }
}

class DashboardPage extends BasePage {
  async verifyDashboardLoaded() {
    await expect(this.page.locator('.dashboard')).toBeVisible();
  }
}

Polymorphism

typescript
interface PageComponent {
  verify(): Promise<void>;
}

class Header implements PageComponent {
  async verify() {
    console.log('Verifying header');
  }
}

class Footer implements PageComponent {
  async verify() {
    console.log('Verifying footer');
  }
}

Abstraction

typescript
abstract class PaymentPage {
  abstract makePayment(amount: number): Promise<void>;
  
  async verifyPaymentSuccess() {
    // Common implementation
  }
}

class CreditCardPayment extends PaymentPage {
  async makePayment(amount: number) {
    // Credit card specific implementation
  }
}

4. Explain Playwright Framework Structure

A well-structured Playwright framework enhances maintainability and scalability:

text
playwright-automation/
├── src/
│   ├── pages/                    # Page Object Models
│   │   ├── base.page.ts
│   │   ├── login.page.ts
│   │   └── dashboard.page.ts
│   ├── components/               # Reusable components
│   │   ├── header.component.ts
│   │   └── modal.component.ts
│   ├── fixtures/                 # Test fixtures
│   │   └── test.fixture.ts
│   ├── utils/                    # Helper utilities
│   │   ├── api.helper.ts
│   │   ├── data.generator.ts
│   │   └── report.helper.ts
│   └── data/                     # Test data
│       └── test-data.ts
├── tests/
│   ├── e2e/                      # End-to-end tests
│   │   ├── login.spec.ts
│   │   └── checkout.spec.ts
│   ├── api/                      # API tests
│   │   └── user-api.spec.ts
│   └── visual/                   # Visual regression tests
│       └── homepage.spec.ts
├── config/
│   ├── playwright.config.ts
│   └── environment.config.ts
├── reports/                      # Test reports
├── test-results/                 # Screenshots, traces
├── .github/workflows/            # CI/CD pipelines
└── package.json

5. What Are Util Files and Where Are They Used?

Utility files contain reusable helper functions that support tests but aren't tied to specific pages.

Common Utility Examples:

typescript
// utils/api.helper.ts
export class ApiHelper {
  static async postRequest(url: string, data: any) {
    const response = await fetch(url, {
      method: 'POST',
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
      body: JSON.stringify(data)
    });
    return response.json();
  }
  
  static generateRandomEmail() {
    return `test${Date.now()}@example.com`;
  }
}

// utils/database.helper.ts
export class DatabaseHelper {
  static async cleanTestData() {
    // Database cleanup logic
  }
  
  static async getUserId(email: string) {
    // Database query logic
  }
}

Usage in Tests:

typescript
import { ApiHelper } from '../utils/api.helper';

test('create user via API', async ({ page }) => {
  const userData = {
    email: ApiHelper.generateRandomEmail(),
    name: 'Test User'
  };
  
  const response = await ApiHelper.postRequest('/api/users', userData);
  expect(response.status).toBe(201);
});

6. What Are Fixtures in Playwright?

Fixtures provide a way to set up and tear down test context, share state between tests, and manage resources.

Built-in Fixtures:

  • page: Browser page

  • context: Browser context

  • browser: Browser instance

  • request: API testing client

Custom Fixture Example:

typescript
// fixtures/test.fixture.ts
import { test as base } from '@playwright/test';
import { LoginPage } from '../pages/login.page';
import { ApiHelper } from '../utils/api.helper';

type MyFixtures = {
  loginPage: LoginPage;
  apiHelper: ApiHelper;
  adminUser: { username: string; password: string };
};

export const test = base.extend<MyFixtures>({
  loginPage: async ({ page }, use) => {
    const loginPage = new LoginPage(page);
    await use(loginPage);
  },
  
  apiHelper: async ({}, use) => {
    const apiHelper = new ApiHelper();
    await use(apiHelper);
  },
  
  adminUser: async ({}, use) => {
    const adminUser = {
      username: 'admin',
      password: process.env.ADMIN_PASSWORD || 'default'
    };
    await use(adminUser);
  },
});

export { expect } from '@playwright/test';

// Usage in tests
test('admin login', async ({ loginPage, adminUser }) => {
  await loginPage.goto();
  await loginPage.login(adminUser.username, adminUser.password);
  await expect(loginPage.page).toHaveURL('/dashboard');
});

7. How Do You Configure Parallel Execution?

Method 1: In playwright.config.ts

typescript
// playwright.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from '@playwright/test';

export default defineConfig({
  // Global parallel execution
  workers: 4,
  
  // Per-project configuration
  projects: [
    {
      name: 'chrome',
      use: { browserName: 'chromium' },
      fullyParallel: true,  // Tests in this project run in parallel
    },
    {
      name: 'firefox',
      use: { browserName: 'firefox' },
      fullyParallel: false, // Tests run sequentially
    }
  ]
});

Method 2: Via Command Line

bash
# Run with 4 workers
npx playwright test --workers=4

# Run with 1 worker (sequential)
npx playwright test --workers=1

# Auto-detect based on CPU cores
npx playwright test --workers=process.env.CI ? 2 : '50%'

Method 3: Using test.describe for Serial Execution

typescript
import { test } from '@playwright/test';

// These tests run in parallel with other test files
test.describe('Login Tests', () => {
  test('test 1', async () => { /* runs in parallel */ });
  test('test 2', async () => { /* runs in parallel */ });
});

// These tests run serially within the group
test.describe.serial('Checkout Flow', () => {
  test('add to cart', async () => { /* runs first */ });
  test('enter shipping', async () => { /* runs second */ });
  test('complete payment', async () => { /* runs third */ });
});

// Parallel tests within serial group
test.describe.serial.parallel('Mixed Mode', () => {
  // Still runs sequentially despite parallel modifier
  test('step 1', async () => {});
  test('step 2', async () => {});
});

8. What Debugging Methodologies Do You Use in Playwright?

1. Headed Mode Debugging

bash
# Run tests in headed mode
npx playwright test --headed

# Debug specific test
npx playwright test login.spec.ts --debug

# Slow down execution
npx playwright test --slow-mo=1000

2. Trace Viewer (Most Powerful)

typescript
// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
  use: {
    trace: 'on-first-retry', // Recommended for CI
    // OR
    trace: 'retain-on-failure', // Keep traces for failed tests
  },
});

// View traces
npx playwright show-trace trace.zip

3. Screenshots & Videos

typescript
// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
  use: {
    screenshot: 'only-on-failure',
    video: 'retain-on-failure',
  },
});

4. Console & Network Debugging

typescript
test('debug network', async ({ page }) => {
  // Listen to console logs
  page.on('console', msg => console.log('PAGE LOG:', msg.text()));
  
  // Listen to network requests
  page.on('request', request => 
    console.log('>>', request.method(), request.url())
  );
  
  // Listen to responses
  page.on('response', response => 
    console.log('<<', response.status(), response.url())
  );
  
  await page.goto('https://example.com');
});

5. Playwright Inspector

bash
# Interactive debugging
npx playwright codegen https://example.com

# Record tests
npx playwright test --ui

9. Explain API Testing Approach with Playwright

Playwright provides a built-in request fixture for API testing without browser overhead.

Basic API Testing Example:

typescript
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';

test('API GET request', async ({ request }) => {
  const response = await request.get('https://api.example.com/users');
  
  expect(response.status()).toBe(200);
  expect(response.ok()).toBeTruthy();
  
  const users = await response.json();
  expect(Array.isArray(users)).toBeTruthy();
  expect(users.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
});

test('API POST request with authentication', async ({ request }) => {
  const response = await request.post('https://api.example.com/users', {
    data: {
      name: 'John Doe',
      email: 'john@example.com'
    },
    headers: {
      'Authorization': `Bearer ${process.env.API_TOKEN}`,
      'Content-Type': 'application/json'
    }
  });
  
  expect(response.status()).toBe(201);
  const user = await response.json();
  expect(user.id).toBeDefined();
  expect(user.name).toBe('John Doe');
});

API Testing with Context Reuse:

typescript
// api-context.setup.ts
import { test as setup } from '@playwright/test';

setup('setup auth token', async ({ request }) => {
  const response = await request.post('/api/login', {
    data: { username: 'admin', password: 'admin123' }
  });
  const { token } = await response.json();
  
  // Store token for other tests
  process.env.AUTH_TOKEN = token;
});

// api-tests.spec.ts
test.describe('Authenticated API Tests', () => {
  test('get user profile', async ({ request }) => {
    const response = await request.get('/api/profile', {
      headers: {
        'Authorization': `Bearer ${process.env.AUTH_TOKEN}`
      }
    });
    expect(response.ok()).toBeTruthy();
  });
});

10. What Does a POST Request Do?

A POST request is an HTTP method used to submit data to a specified resource, often causing a change in state or side effects on the server.

Key Characteristics:

  • Idempotent: No (multiple identical POST requests may have different effects)

  • Safe: No (modifies server state)

  • Use Cases: Creating resources, submitting forms, uploading files

Technical Flow:

  1. Client sends POST request with data in body

  2. Server processes data

  3. Server creates/updates resource

  4. Server returns response (often 201 Created)

11. What Test Scenarios Do You Cover for a POST Request?

1. Success Scenarios

typescript
test('POST - Create resource successfully', async ({ request }) => {
  const response = await request.post('/api/users', {
    data: { name: 'Alice', email: 'alice@example.com' }
  });
  
  expect(response.status()).toBe(201);
  expect(response.headers()['location']).toContain('/api/users/');
  
  const user = await response.json();
  expect(user.id).toBeDefined();
  expect(user.name).toBe('Alice');
});

2. Validation Error Scenarios

typescript
test('POST - Invalid data returns 400', async ({ request }) => {
  const response = await request.post('/api/users', {
    data: { name: '', email: 'invalid-email' }
  });
  
  expect(response.status()).toBe(400);
  const errors = await response.json();
  expect(errors).toHaveProperty('email');
  expect(errors).toHaveProperty('name');
});

3. Authentication/Authorization

typescript
test('POST - Unauthorized access', async ({ request }) => {
  const response = await request.post('/api/admin/users', {
    data: { name: 'Test' }
  });
  
  expect(response.status()).toBe(401);
});

test('POST - Insufficient permissions', async ({ request }) => {
  const response = await request.post('/api/admin/users', {
    headers: { 'Authorization': 'Bearer user-token' },
    data: { name: 'Test' }
  });
  
  expect(response.status()).toBe(403);
});

4. Conflict & Duplicate Data

typescript
test('POST - Duplicate resource conflict', async ({ request }) => {
  // First request succeeds
  await request.post('/api/users', {
    data: { email: 'duplicate@example.com' }
  });
  
  // Second request should fail
  const response = await request.post('/api/users', {
    data: { email: 'duplicate@example.com' }
  });
  
  expect(response.status()).toBe(409);
});

5. Edge Cases

typescript
test('POST - Large payload', async ({ request }) => {
  const largeData = { content: 'x'.repeat(1000000) };
  const response = await request.post('/api/documents', {
    data: largeData
  });
  
  expect(response.status()).toBeOneOf([201, 413]);
});

test('POST - Special characters', async ({ request }) => {
  const response = await request.post('/api/comments', {
    data: { 
      text: 'Special chars: 🚀 © ® <script>alert("xss")</script>' 
    }
  });
  
  // Should either sanitize or reject
  expect([200, 201, 400]).toContain(response.status());
});

6. Performance Testing

typescript
test('POST - Response time SLA', async ({ request }) => {
  const startTime = Date.now();
  const response = await request.post('/api/orders', {
    data: { items: [{ id: 1, quantity: 2 }] }
  });
  const endTime = Date.now();
  
  expect(response.status()).toBe(201);
  expect(endTime - startTime).toBeLessThan(1000); // 1 second SLA
});

12. Logical Reasoning Solution

Given:

  1. P is shorter than Q → P < Q

  2. P is taller than R → P > R

  3. R is shorter than S → R < S

Combine:
From (1) & (2): R < P < Q
From (3): R < S

Comparison possibilities:

  • If S is taller than P: R < P < Q and R < S (can't determine shortest between R and others)

  • If S is shorter than P: R < S < P < Q

Since we only know R is shorter than S, but don't know S's relation to P and Q, R is definitely the shortest because:

  • R < P (from statement 2)

  • R < S (from statement 3)

  • We don't know if anyone is shorter than R

Answer: R is the shortest.

13. XPath to Locate "Business using Advertising" on Google Homepage

xpath
//a[contains(text(), 'Business') and contains(text(), 'Advertising')]

// More specific XPaths:
//a[normalize-space()='Business using Advertising']

// Using data attributes (if available):
//a[@data-pid='23' and contains(text(), 'Business')]

// Multiple conditions:
//*[self::a or self::button][contains(., 'Business') and contains(., 'Advertising')]

// Case-insensitive search:
//a[contains(translate(text(), 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ', 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'), 'business using advertising')]

Best Practice: Always inspect the actual page structure as Google frequently changes their HTML.

14. Count Character Occurrences in "Geeks"

typescript
// Solution 1: Using reduce()
function countChars(str: string): Map<string, number> {
  return str.split('').reduce((map, char) => {
    map.set(char, (map.get(char) || 0) + 1);
    return map;
  }, new Map<string, number>());
}

// Solution 2: Simple object approach
function countCharsSimple(str: string): Record<string, number> {
  const count: Record<string, number> = {};
  
  for (const char of str) {
    count[char] = (count[char] || 0) + 1;
  }
  
  return count;
}

// Solution 3: Playwright test example
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';

test('count character occurrences', async () => {
  const str = "Geeks";
  const expectedCount = {
    'G': 1,
    'e': 2,
    'k': 1,
    's': 1
  };
  
  const result = countCharsSimple(str);
  
  // Assertions
  expect(result['G']).toBe(1);
  expect(result['e']).toBe(2);
  expect(result['k']).toBe(1);
  expect(result['s']).toBe(1);
  expect(Object.keys(result).length).toBe(4);
});

// Output for "Geeks":
// G: 1
// e: 2
// k: 1
// s: 1

Additional Advanced Questions

15. How to Handle Authentication in Playwright?

typescript
// Method 1: Storage state
test('authenticated test', async ({ browser }) => {
  const context = await browser.newContext({
    storageState: 'auth.json'
  });
  const page = await context.newPage();
  // Page is already logged in
});

// Method 2: Programmatic login
async function login(page: Page) {
  await page.goto('/login');
  await page.fill('#username', 'user');
  await page.fill('#password', 'pass');
  await page.click('#login-btn');
  await page.waitForURL('/dashboard');
  
  // Save state for reuse
  await page.context().storageState({ path: 'auth.json' });
}

16. How to Test File Uploads?

typescript
test('file upload', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.setInputFiles('input[type="file"]', {
    name: 'test.png',
    mimeType: 'image/png',
    buffer: Buffer.from('test')
  });
  
  // Or with actual file
  await page.setInputFiles('input[type="file"]', 'path/to/file.pdf');
});

17. How to Handle Multiple Tabs/Windows?

typescript
test('multiple tabs', async ({ context }) => {
  const page = await context.newPage();
  await page.goto('https://example.com');
  
  // Open new tab
  const [newPage] = await Promise.all([
    context.waitForEvent('page'),
    page.click('a[target="_blank"]')
  ]);
  
  await newPage.waitForLoadState();
  await expect(newPage).toHaveTitle('New Page');
});

Conclusion

Mastering these Playwright concepts will prepare you for most automation engineering interviews. Remember:

  1. Practice with real projects

  2. Understand both the "how" and "why"

  3. Stay updated with Playwright's rapid releases

  4. Build a portfolio of test automation projects

Playwright continues to evolve, so follow the official documentation and community for the latest features and best practices.

👉 Suggested Article: Playwright Automation Testing: Complete Guide (2026)

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Introduction This ultimate guide explains  every essential Selenium WebDriver command  with detailed technical explanations and practical Java examples. Whether you're writing your first test script or optimizing an existing framework, understanding these commands is crucial for effective test automation. Table of Contents Browser Initialization Commands Browser Window Commands Navigation Commands Element Location Commands Element Interaction Commands Dropdown Handling Commands Advanced Utility Commands 1. Browser Initialization Commands System.setProperty() java System . setProperty ( "webdriver.chrome.driver" , "path/to/chromedriver" ) ; Explanation: Sets the system property to specify the path to the browser driver executable Required before creating a WebDriver instance Must match your browser version (e.g., ChromeDriver for Chrome) Path can be absolute or relative to project WebDriver Initialization java WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver ( ) ; Explana...
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Top Selenium Interview Questions & Answers of 2026

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Prepare for your Selenium automation interview with these carefully curated questions covering basic to advanced concepts. Table of Contents Basic Selenium Questions Actions Class Questions Locators Questions Window/Frames Handling Advanced Concepts Framework & OOPS Selenium Architecture Advanced WebDriver Techniques Framework Design and Patterns Performance Optimization Real World Scenarios 1. Basic Selenium Questions Q1: How to launch different browsers? java // Chrome WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver ( ) ; // Firefox WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver ( ) ; // Edge WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver ( ) ; Q2: Difference between get() and navigate().to() get() : Loads a new page and waits for completion navigate().to() : Does the same but maintains browser history Q3: Navigation commands java driver . navigate ( ) . back ( ) ; driver . navigate ( ) . forward ( ) ; driver . navigate ( ) . refresh ( ) ; Q4: close() vs quit() close() : Closes current window qu...
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How to Learn Selenium WebDriver in 4 Weeks: A Step-by-Step Self-Study Roadmap

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You can learn Selenium WebDriver yourself in just 1 month, yes, you read it right! Want to learn Selenium WebDriver from scratch and build real-world automation testing skills on your own? This guide explains how to learn Selenium step by step , using a structured and practical Selenium learning roadmap. Starting from beginner fundamentals and progressing to hands-on Selenium automation projects, this plan helps you turn concepts into job-ready Selenium expertise within one month through discipline, consistency, and focused practice. Table of Content 1. My Story of becoming Selenium Professional 2. The 4 Weeks Plan to Learn Selenium WebDriver 3. Future of Selenium Automation Testing 4. Which language has a better career prospect with Selenium - Java or Python? 5. What next after being Selenium expert? 6. FAQs 1. My Story of Becoming a Selenium Automation Professional I began my career in 2011 as a Manual Software Tester. Although I had an interest in Java, my practical knowledge was l...
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